Controversial Issues in the United States Essay - 873 Words

Throughout history, especially when a new country is formed, there are many controversial issues. These issues come up when not everyone agrees on how the country should be run. In the United States, especially in the early years, there were various issues. These issues split the United States into 2 political parties. In the early 1800’s, these 2 parties were the Democratic Republicans and the Federalists. Democratic Republicans believed in a strong state government. The Federalist believed in a strong central government. Some of the issues they disagreed on were ratification of the Constitution and the purchase of the Louisiana Territory. Before the Constitution came to be, the United States had a set of laws called the Articles of†¦show more content†¦They believed that a strong central government equals a strong nation. John Jay says, in Document 2, that the foreign nations will view America in whatever situation they are in. If they are united and have an efficient government, they will be more likely to cultivate a friendship rather than bother the United States. If the United States’ government is not effectual, not united, and the states are quarrelling between each other and each inclining to a different country, America will make a pitiful figure in their eyes. By America being centralized and united, they will gain the respect of other countries. The Anti-Federalists did not like the constitution. Men such as John Quincy Adams and people from the South believed the states should have more power than the Federal government. They felt that the Constitution threatened the state government and the people’s natural rights. They believed that having a president was just like having a king and would soon corrupt the government. They argued that the United States is too vast to be governed by one legislature that would sufficiently attend to the wants of all its various districts (document 3a). Another argument is that people and the states did not have security in their constitutions and rights. There are no declarations preserving the basic liberties of a free man (see document 3b). The Anti-Federalists did not want the constitution ratified,Show MoreRelatedControversial Issues Across The United States1383 Words   |  6 PagesMorgan Applegarth First Year Seminar Shelley Molland December 4, 2015 Rough Draft Controversial issues across the United States don’t stop at civil rights and liberties, instead they work their way up to the white house step by step. While the rest of the nation is watching Congress stress over the issues of same sex marriage and abortion laws, a smaller population of the country is simply fighting for the truth behind their nutrition. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO’s) have been aRead MoreThe Constitution as a Controversial Document Essay701 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿ Why Was The Constitution A Controversial Document Even As It Was Being Written? Name: Institution: Date of submission: Why Was The Constitution A Controversial Document Even As It Was Being Written? Introduction The United States Constitution was written more than 200 years ago and it has been used as the foundation for the government. The constitution has been and still remains the most durable political agreement in the history of the world. Even though an inspiringRead MoreWhy Was the Constitution a Controversial Document608 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Constitution a controversial document even as it was being written? The United States Constitution is the very foundation that the nation has been built upon, but its birth was not easy. The framers of the Constitution divided over many key issues relating to it and often argued at length over the creation, ratification, and implementation of this imperative document. Since the Constitution came into being it has been the epicenter of Civil Rights reforms, questions of state sovereignty versusRead MoreSb-1070 Media Reaction Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesReaction on Immigration Immigration issues are not issues only encountered here in the United States, but are also issues faced throughout the world. There have been numerous of debates on the issues of immigration in the United States. The most controversial was the passing of a new bill in Arizona. Governor Jan Brewer passed into Arizona legislature the SB1070, which became very controversial because of the demands that this law was enforcing. This controversial bill gives any Arizona law enforcementRead More Judicial Process of the Supreme Court Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pageslaws of the United States. Throughout the Supreme Court, many cases have been rejected and are deposed of, but the Supreme Court approves only certain cases. Thus, the Supreme Court reconciles the issue of that specific case, which is then obtained and written by the Chief Justice of the Court as the final conclusion. Cases that are controversial result in great effect in the Supreme Court. For instance, Brown vs. Board of Educ ation of Topeka in 1954 was one of the most controversial cases that theRead MoreFormation of Public Policy Final Paper605 Words   |  3 Pagesunavoidable in a country with diversity among races, ethnicities, and political feelings. Public policy is not exempt from controversial legislation. Chapters 10 and 13 thoroughly discuss the issues of legal and social equality as well as policy relating to private morality. The formation of public policy relating to private morality and social equality is highly controversial because there are targeted groups that will benefit and non targeted groups that will be ignored by the policy; however aRead MoreWhy The Mia / Pow Topic Was So Dangerous After The End Of The War807 Words   |  4 Pagesfamilies that they could be alive causing the issue to become controversial and emotionally charged. Though the POWs were released in 1973, the government helped to heighten this troublesome issue after the war by making comments like â€Å"the to tal accounting is not possible,† by the House Select Committee or Reagan who said, â€Å"the return of all POWs is the nation’s highest priority† (Appy. 244). With These suggestions by the government spurred this controversial topic on by the American public. While Vietnam’sRead MoreFec vs. Citizens United Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 25, 2012 Federal Election Commission v. Citizens United The First Amendment has been one of the most controversial issues surrounding the Constitutions since its ratification in 1787. The First Amendment states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievancesRead MoreDifferences Between Dual Federalism And Cooperative Federalism969 Words   |  4 PagesWhat are the differences between dual federalism and cooperative federalism? Be sure to fully address what federalism is and why it was created. 1000 words. Dual federalism is a term used to describe a circumstance in which national and state governments are sovereign and equal within their constitutionally allocated spheres of authority. Federalism is a concept that refers to a system of government in which power is shared between the national and non-national governments. Cooperative FederalismRead MoreGun Control And The Second Amendment1391 Words   |  6 Pagesamendment has been the most controversial issue since guns have been around. Issues such as gun control and gun ownership have remained a matter of debate and have been floating around in Congress. It has been rumored that Congress is forced to draft certain legislation in order to come up with a law against unlawful use of arms, and only owning them for safety purposes. When it comes to congress, Republicans and Democrats have debated their views on gun-control in the United States to best fit the overall

The Tribe Of New Zealand - 1148 Words

The Maoris are an indigenous tribe of people that arrived at New Zealand during the 13th century in canoes. Upon their arrival in New Zealand, The Maori tribe came across a land very different from what they originally had been accustomed to and had to adapt through the years for their tribe to survive. Maori were said to be people with a proud spirit, great navigating skills and sense of history that isolates this tribe from every other. The Maori people migrated from the islands of East Polynesia in the Pacific Ocean, this voyage was known as the â€Å"Great Fleet†. After their settlement in the island, the Polynesian people became the Maori. As the Maori people settled into New Zealand and started forming their own culture and tradition,†¦show more content†¦To the people the natural and supernatural worlds were one. The Maori tribe had many spiritual concepts and have a god for almost anything such as birth, fishing, and the first crops. The rich Maori culture believes in spiritual beings and a supreme supernatural, Io. It is believed that Io only appears to those who have reached a superior level in society, most preferable by the Maori. It is said that each Maori family had spirits and gods, originating from the dead, miscarriages or abortions. Death and funeral rituals play an important role in the Maori culture. In the funeral ritual, the dead body is preserved and kept in marae, a special meet ing place. It is said that the body must stay for three days in this special place and never be left alone until the burial day. During the mourning period, relatives of the dead are not allowed to touch food and must be fed by someone in the Maori community. Having them open their mouth and food be tossed inside, shows the tribes sorrow. Another significant part of the Maori culture is the wedding ceremony. The partners for the couples were either hand-picked by the opposite sex or by the chosen tribe elders, of whom women had the right of choosing or tuning down any advances. In the Maori culture, adultery was greatly punishable by stealing goods from the homes of the couple. The Maori culture and beliefs has been shaped by its traditions and heritage for many years. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Maori Tribe Of New Zealand1556 Words   |  7 PagesThe Maori tribe arrived in New Zealand during the 13th century. Upon their arrival, the Maori people came across a land quite different from what they originally had been accustomed, learning to adapt to the new climate and the hunt for land mammals is how the tribe survive for years. The Maori people are recognized for their tribe proud spirit, great navigating skills using starts and oceans, and a sense of history that isolates them from every other tribe. The Maori indigenous people migratedRead MoreWhy Did The Treaty Of Waitangi Was Signed? Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesIn the early 1800s New Zealand was an independent MÄ ori-controlled nation, in 1839; Captain William Hobson was given the job of bringing sovereignty to the land of New Zealand. The crown wanted to take part in the growing trade within New Zealand. There were many British missionaries working and living in New Zealand as residents already. MÄ ori and early visitors did not often get on. A lot of violence flared up because of alcohol and women as some of the British men who had been away for long periodsRead MoreThe Land Of The Long White Cloud Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagespeople as New Zealand, the third most beautiful country in the world. If one is planning on moving there or visiting, it definitely a country that will not disappoint. New Zealand is known for many things, especially their outstanding food and their successful economic situation. During 800 C.E. a group of people from Polynesia, made their way over to New Zealand. In the 17th century the same group of Polynesians evolved as the Maori, a spiritual group. The Maori are responsible for New Zealand’sRead MoreImpact of Europeans to Maori807 Words   |  4 Pagesintroduced many new things to the MÄ ori like pigs, muskets, tobacco and alcohol. Missionaries also influenced MÄ ori and introduced MÄ ori to Christianity and to the written language. Europeans changed the lifestyle of MÄ ori, civilised MÄ ori and taught them farming skills and new types of agricultural cultivation. The Europeans influenced the MÄ ori trade. Pre European trade took the form of gift exchange with an obligation to reciprocate with an equal or better quality gift. Inland tribes often tradedRead MoreNew Zealand Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesimages that appear when New Zealand is entered in Google. This country is so beautiful and has such a rich past. It is interesting that even through Maori Tribes and European invasions, tsunamis, and the old traditions being replaced by new ones, New Zealand’s forests are still home to so many different, exotic creatures and plants. Even though it is beautiful mankind is known for his destruction of Mother Nature in his search for survival. The Maori Tribe, indigenous to New Zealand, believed very stronglyRead MoreColonisation Assignment1595 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition The New Zealand Oxford dictionary (2005) defines colonisation as â€Å"establishing a colony or colonies in a country or area† (p. 215). That means a group of people invading and fully forming a community in a new country or an area. In New Zealand, colonisation was the process of British migrants settling down in the country and building a government after the signing the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. History of immigration (2005) explains that large numbers of people from Britain came to New ZealandRead More Maori Art Essay754 Words   |  4 Pagestheir tattooing skills. They are equipped with many other art skills such as their carvings, weaponry, and townhouses, but the tattoos represent the tribe as a whole and are visible on the people themselves. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The art of tattoo was brought to New Zealand by the Polynesians when they migrated to New Zealand. Men of the tribe are more elaborately tattooed than the women. Their entire faces may be covered as opposed to the women who may only have certain parts of their facesRead MoreNew Zealand s M Ä€ Ori Culture1065 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"New Zealand s MÄ ori culture is an integral part of Kiwi life and adds a unique, dynamic experience for visitors...Find out where to experience  MÄ ori culture by choosing your area of interest in the right-hand menu.† (100% Pure New Zealand). Most top search results for â€Å"Maori Culture† are for attractions, guided tours, and similar spectacles. This culture, which has persisted for nearly a millennia, is gradually withering into little more than a side show attraction. Rather than scholarly journalsRead MoreFormal Meeting Guide For New Zealand Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesMeetings and presentation s  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ Assignment -11648 Part 1 Formal meeting guide for to New Zealand Submitted by- Mohit Kumar Submitted to –Anika vats Contents †¢ Introduction 3 †¢ Maori hui 6 †¢ Typical agenda of maori hui 7 †¢ The process and regulations to be followed at a huiRead MoreLanguage, Subsistence Practices, Kinship And Descent, Marriage And Household, And Culture1421 Words   |  6 Pagesculturally Polynesians, are the indigenous inhabitants of New Zealand. The people who call themselves the Maori are originally from the Polynesian islands and settled in New Zealand around the 13th century. The tribes of the Maori did not identify themselves by a collective name until European settlers arrived and then the use of the name Maori, which means ‘ordinary’ came into use. The Maori today make up about 15% (565,329 people) of New Zealand’s population with the majority living in urban area

Managing Human Resource in McDonald

Question: Discuss about the Managing Human Resource in McDonald. Answer: Introduction: Hiring employees is an important factor in creating a tough workforce that is only going to deliver better results in future. Selecting right employees is key and retaining the same is even more important. Organizations are coming into terms with the competition that is increasing with every passing day in retaining good employees with attractive salary. Each industry witnesses a different level of retention of employees where there is evidence of some organizations suffering internally. Provision of maximum satisfaction is essential to employees as an organization is built around its people and much of its profitability and performance depends on the employees (McCloskey, McDonald Cook, 2013). McDonalds Australia is a big player in the sector of fast food restaurant chain employing 75000 people. The main aim of this essay is to focus on the recognition schemes of McDonalds and the ways it has been successful in shaping up future leaders from within an organization. The recognition scheme of McDonalds is studied in details to appreciate the importance it holds in shaping up of future leaders. Different theories are also taken in to understand the ways they are applied in the policies and strategies of McDonalds. Moreover, the organizational perspective of non-profit seeking organizations is also taken into consideration and whether it has the ability to perform like a profit-seeking organization like McDonalds. This essay is all about the increase of employee motivation through rewards and recognition, which in turn helps in their retention. McDonalds human resource department plays an important part in determining the quality of the workforce and the attainment of eventual goals. The HR department of McDonalds is responsible for selecting the right candidates possessing the right skills and knowledge that comes at right cost. Ample training is required for employees, which needs to be properly kept track of. It is the responsibility of the HR department to keep focus on the compensatory matters of employees along with training, administration and employee recognition (Fallon Rice, 2015). Recruitment should be the time when companies should take account of retention factors. Retention is only possible if the HR department recruits the right people for the right job. McDonalds recruitment policy has been one of the best as the focus has been directed towards the ability of the candidate matching with the objectives of the company (Wilkinson Johnstone, 2016). It is the duty of the Human Resource Management to deal with the Human nature of an organization where encouragement is provided to new talent along with allowing the best potentials to flourish and protect the future of the organization. McDonalds DNA boasts of passion of employees where each team member illustrates adequate interest in engaging oneself in teamwork and shaping a team that enables the restaurants to remain triumphant, even though the teams are different for all its chain of restaurants. Mystery shoppers play a significant part in determining the top employees of McDonalds eligible for company awards and recognition. Even the managers of McDonalds restaurants are eligible to obtain a quarterly bonus based on the measures that are being estimated equally like the score of mystery shopper, efficiency and augmentation in sales. Motivation is essential for everybody and what better way than giving recognition to employees who have strived hard and given their best for the company over a period (Frey, Bayn Totzek, 2013). Recognition of some would be an example for many to motivate them and follow their examples and work hard to gain their own. Customer service is an important factor for McDonalds and its focus should always be on providing the best possible service to employees, both new and loyal. Restaurant of the Year, Restaurant of the Quarter are some of the titles that is made eligible for both the franchises and the restaurants owned by companies (Aguinis, Joo Gottfredson, 2013). McDonalds motivation and recognition schemes boasts of rewards and recognitions like service awards, champion of the month, identifying service of employees and Ray Kroc Award for Business Managers. Recognition and rewards are those factors that create a healthy competition among the employees within an organization. The company believes in maintaining a balanced recognition scheme that is upgraded repeatedly, exploiting the employees motivation. McDonalds believes in changing and regulating its recognition programs in a way that it attracts the employees. The last few years has seen the comprehension of employee of the month scheme of McDonalds into its Olympic Champion Crew (OCC) submission, for which it acknowledged, Most Motivational Benefits at the Employee Benefits Awards ceremony in 2013 . McDonalds is a company that witnesses the process of recruitment all through the year. McDonalds have been recruiting from both its internal and external sources, though to fill up its managerial and leadership positions it pushes in candidates from within the organization. It can be concluded that McDonalds leaders are products of their own system, which is somewhat beneficial from the viewpoint of the company. It so happens that McDonalds believes in shaping their own leaders from the start, which helps in reducing cost and process related to training. Such employees who are promoted to top positions internally take less or no time to adapt and get going, with reports suggesting that around 50% of its managers and leaders are from within the company. Those employees are well aware of the working procedure of the company the policies and regulations they abide by. McDonalds has always had belief on its people and that is evident from the amount they invest on their human capital. Th e company has understood the principle of valuing the one that matters the most. McDonalds organizational structure has been depicted to be a distinctive one with management stressing on five important strategy positions like price, place, people, products and promotion. Assessment of employees is apparent from the verity that McDonalds endows $40 million in its training process, more fro people that are in the frontline crew. McDonalds implies various training programs for different factors like motivating its workforce to be customary, improving their job satisfaction and plummeting of labor turnover. Training programs are an essential part of any organization, and it should be held regularly to augment the skill factor of previous employees and helping them in surviving the effects of labor shortage. Technological aspects along with new equipments are other factors that McDonalds should take into account in offering training to its employees. The human resource planning and the goals of the organization have always been amalgamated and depicted to be McDonalds Corporations important facade. For achieving the goals of the organization, it is imperative to recruit the right candidates and using them in proper manner to get the best out of them (Bradler et al., 2016). All the employees of McDonalds play an important part in the operations of the company, upgrading their skills through proper training to be acquainted with latest technologies. Retaining employees who are of immense value would never be a problem if companies recruit the candidates who have the potential to perform in the long-run and be effective (Mountford, 2013). The main problem that crops up, if proper candidates are not taken in is this can lead to job disappointment, reduced efficiency level, high malingering level, dismissal, and replacement of employees. McDonalds need to evaluate and assess its position and forecast on the fact whether it does boast of candidates who have it in them to serve the organization in the long run. McDonalds is a company that has provided recognition to employees those who have strived hard, shown dedication and enough motivation to perform in a way that is beneficial from the organizations perspective (De Gieter Hofmans, 2015). Admiration can come in assorted forms from managers saying a simple well done job to the appreciation that comes from every nook and corner of the organization like management leadership admiration and Employee of the Month design. Rewards and benefits are at plenty in McDonalds, which also includes competitive salary packages other benefits, related to performance to develop skill intensification. Employees of McDonalds who are fully employed are qualified for benefits like Comprehensive Group Insurance plan offering insurances in dental and life (Paill, 2013). There are certain connections between the HRM concepts of McDonalds and the motivation theories. According to Taylors scientific management theory, money has been concerned as single motivator. This theory is trying to resolve the ways of performing a task. It advocates pay by a piece rate technique on fair days pay. It implies that works put their best foot forward and perform better to receive bonus. this theory states that competitive wages are a part of the payment policy of McDonalds, very similar to the method of piece rate in Taylors scientific management (ArunKumar, 2014). A simple equation of employees is that if they put in those extra hours of work and perform in a way desired by the company, they can achieve greater salary. However, for McDonalds, wages is not the only motivating factor, it offers other things like flexible working hours, discounted meals and certain other fringe benefits to play the part of motivator (Rayton Yalabik, 2014). According to the Two-factor theory of Herzberg, factors that have the ability to motivate employees were classified into hygiene factors and motivators. For motivators it has always been the job related interest and the future prospects that provides employees with the required job satisfaction (Dias, 2016). Apart from the salary that the organization offers, job satisfaction is another feature that eases of the issue of retaining good caliber employees. Hygiene factors include the safe working environment that if not provided can often lead to employee dissatisfaction. McDonalds have been using this theory to perfection. The rewards that their employees achieve from displaying great performances, and the chances that exists in the future development of themselves, works as a motivating factor for employees (Gursoy, Chi Karadag, 2013). McDonalds may sometimes try to motivate their employees by their work as an alternative of hygiene factors that includes the salary part. According to Douglas McGregor, employees are divided into two completely different types: one being Theory X comprising of people who are selfish, does not like to work hard and needs to be monitored and controlled, the other being Theory Y that consists of people who enjoy their work, enjoys responsibility when motivated and have proper job knowledge (Mondy Martocchio, 2016). There is certain difference between the people divided in segments of Theory X and Theory Y, motivated with the money that comes from performing a job or other needs. In case of Theory X the assumption is people are motivated only by the money factor, but for people in Theory Y it is something quite opposite (Talwar Thakur, (2016). McDonalds has always been able to attain the motivation of their workers produced from various factors exclusive of the wage aspect. Therefore, it can be concluded that McDonalds are never encouraged to recruit or attract employees that fall in the category of Theory X. On the othe r hand, McDonalds put enough importance on its flexible hours which is one of their important facet of HR policies. However, several researchers have pointed out that recognition and rewards cannot be the only factor that provides job satisfaction to employees. The employees need to believe that the effort they would put in would actually lead them to be recognized and rewarded for the same (Allisey et al., 2014). McDonalds employees view of the rewards and recognition schemes can be adversely affected if they do not consider those to be equitable. This might lead to downfall in the performance of employees. The expectancy theory states that employee performance and rewards are directly related with an increase in the number of rewards would in turn increase the efforts of employees along with their motivation (Martins, Rindova Greenbaum, 2015). However, it can be pointed out that providing benefits related to money helps increasing extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation takes care of rewards and compensatory benefits whereas intrinsic motivation is all about the work and the satisfaction it provides to its workers. The pay and reward program of McDonalds is based on the attitude of pay for performance. The belief of the company has always been on the fact that results need to be enhanced to achieve the objective of opportunities regarding pay. This program of McDonalds generally takes in stuffs like short term incentives, basic pays, long term incentives and company car programs. These sort of rewards always helps in increasing the motivational factor of employees to perform better and take immense pleasure out of those benefits. However, it can be concluded that motivating employees is one of the toughest jobs in the world where employees might at times feel lethargic of performing the same tasks on a repeated basis (Shvetsova, 2016, October). Employee needs vary that keeps shifting its base under different circumstances, making it complicated for employers to fulfill all the demands of employees at single point of time (Shields et al., 2015). Non-profit organizations need to focus on selecting both the volunteers and the staffs as both plays important role in the sustainability factor of the organization. Even non-profit organizations need trainings and recognitions for their employees so that they get motivation out of the work they perform. Non-profit seeking organizations are more into social work and the younger graduates are showing keen interest in joining these organizations and having a career out of it (Li et al., 2014). They believe that working in these organizations would earn them social recognition in life. Motives vary in case of profit-seeking organizations like McDonalds and that of non-profit seeking organizations like Spastic Center. A manager working in a non-profit seeking organization needs to motivate its employees more in order to get the best out of them. The financial capability of non-profit seeking organizations is limited and restricted to an extent where Spastic Center can only spend $16500 o ther than the salaries, whereas, McDonalds invests around $$0 million annually in its training programs for employees. The case of volunteers is even more difficult to handle in case of non-profit seeking organizations, though volunteers have always been an essential part and plan of non-profit organizations. Harsh treatment is meted out to volunteers at times that can lead to adverse effects on other volunteers of the organization. No matter what organization is being focused on, an individuals emotions should always have the value it deserves. At times the managers of non-profit organizations are not able to establish associations with the volunteers the way the organization would have liked which brings about its downfall. However, the same is not the case with may be a manager of a McDonalds restaurant who values his employees or staffs the way they want it to be. Organizations like Spastic Center should clearly specify their employees and volunteers about the job role and requirements along with training and orientation. Spastic Center manages their progression towards employee benefits, employe e compensation and policies. Organizations like Spastic Center have limited budget, affording either full time or part time help which at times seems a thing of luxury. It can be concluded that organizations such as McDonalds comprises of reward and recognition programs that have always motivated employees to better their performance. Employees grow with organizations they work in, and the career progression path of an organization helps employees to perform better in achieving their desired results. Every employee has a goal of their own and those goals only become viable if organizations provide them the required path towards success. HRM policies have always proved beneficial for McDonalds that has led the company to achieve and grow. Organization like the non-profit Spastic Center have identified that retaining employees needs to be achieved through either good salary or the career progression. Non-profit organizations have started offering other fringe benefits to attract employees. Reference: Aguinis, H., Joo, H., Gottfredson, R. K. (2013). What monetary rewards can and cannot do: How to show employees the money.Business Horizons,56(2), 241-249. Allisey, A. F., Noblet, A. J., Lamontagne, A. D., Houdmont, J. (2014). Testing a model of officer intentions to quit: the mediating effects of job stress and job satisfaction.Criminal Justice and Behavior,41(6), 751-771. ArunKumar, S. (2014). An Empirical Study: Relationship between Employee Motivation, Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment.International Journal of Management and Business Research,4(2), 81-93. Bradler, C., Dur, R., Neckermann, S., Non, A. (2016). Employee recognition and performance: A field experiment.Management Science,62(11), 3085-3099. De Gieter, S., Hofmans, J. (2015). How reward satisfaction affects employees turnover intentions and performance: an individual differences approach.Human Resource Management Journal,25(2), 200-216. Dias, L. (2016). Human resource management.Human Resource Management. Fallon, B. J., Rice, S. M. (2015). Investment in staff development within an emergency services organisation: comparing future intention of volunteers and paid employees.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,26(4), 485-500. Frey, R. V., Bayn, T., Totzek, D. (2013). How customer satisfaction affects employee satisfaction and retention in a professional services context.Journal of Service Research, 1094670513490236. Gursoy, D., Chi, C. G. Q., Karadag, E. (2013). Generational differences in work values and attitudes among frontline and service contact employees.International Journal of Hospitality Management,32, 40-48. Li, N., Barrick, M. R., Zimmerman, R. D., Chiaburu, D. S. (2014). Retaining the productive employee: The role of personality.Academy of Management Annals,8(1), 347-395. Martins, L. L., Rindova, V. P., Greenbaum, B. E. (2015). Unlocking the hidden value of concepts: a cognitive approach to business model innovation.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(1), 99-117. McCloskey, D. J., McDonald, M. A., Cook, J. (2013). Community engagement: definitions and organizing concepts from the literature. Mondy, R., Martocchio, J. J. (2016). Human resource management.Human Resource Management, Global Edition. Mountford, H. (2013). I'll take care of you: the use of supportive work practices to retain older workers.Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources,51(3), 272-291. Paill, P. (2013). Organizational citizenship behaviour and employee retention: how important are turnover cognitions?.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(4), 768-790. Rayton, B. A., Yalabik, Z. Y. (2014). Work engagement, psychological contract breach and job satisfaction.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(17), 2382-2400. Shields, J., Brown, M., Kaine, S., Dolle-Samuel, C., North-Samardzic, A., McLean, P., ... Plimmer, G. (2015).Managing Employee Performance Reward: Concepts, Practices, Strategies. Cambridge University Press. Shvetsova, O. A. (2016, October). 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Insurance for camels (Albaaeer)

Introduction There is a need to introduce a camel general insurance policy due to the increased needs to protect camels in the UAE. Such an insurance policy should cover camels against sickness, accidental loss of the camel arising from fire, theft, and legal liability arising out of the camel’s damage to properties belonging to third parties such as crops.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Insurance for camels (Alba’aeer) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the UAE, camels are valued, and people take care of the animals to ensure that they are safe and healthy. The camels have values in the society. The people also attach an economic value to the animal. Camels can survive in the harsh desert conditions, and this aspect is suitable for areas which are dry. The camels are used for transport. They also supply milk and meat. Camels are also used to pay dowry, and they are sources of pride for t he people in the UAE (Salem and Staff Reporter, p. 1). Today, they are also used in sports, such as racing (Zacharias, para. 6). In this paper, the author provides a proposal that Dubai Insurance Company will establish an insurance policy called Alba’aeer. The policy will provide cover for the upkeep, racing, and breeding camels in the region. New product development plan for selected opportunity Pricing In all businesses, a product is brought to the market after passing all stages of full new product development process. Pricing is the last stage in the new development process. The other stages, starting from the first one, are as follows; idea generation, idea screening, concept development and screening, business analysis, beta and market testing, technical implementation, commercialization and lastly the new product pricing. As a marketing manager, developing a strategic plan in setting the price of the Alba’aeer is very recommendable. The pricing strategy will con sider the all the costs and the profit margin of the product. A marketing manager should focus on the current and the future situation of the market of the Alba’aeer and not historical to ensure that the right price is set for the product. A mind that thinks of today and tomorrow will help marketing managers to set a strategy of pricing that will help make profits today and tomorrow. A mind that thinks of the experiences will obviously drag the marketing manager into setting prices to recover the costs that were incurred long time ago (Tailan, and Liu, 695). The pricing process will consider the fact that the product is new and that customers will not be willing to buy the product because they have not used it before. Marketing managers should take immediate actions in regards to how the buyers respond to the prices that have been set for the Alba’aeer. The prices will be tested to test the response of the customers.Advertising Looking for research paper on busine ss economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The managers should develop pricing strategies that shift with the shift of the price sensitivities of buyers. The insurance products have a price-elastic demand, and this indicates that the price of Alba’aeer will be determined by the demand in the market. In case the demand for Alba’aeer increases, the price will automatically be increased, and in a situation where the demand of the product decreases, the price will also decrease (Tailan, and Liu, 697). Once more, while developing a pricing strategy in planning for the new product development, in this case, the Alba’aeer, marketing managers should study the competition of other products or other organizations selling the same product. It is more preferred for one to be on a creative plane while doing business than being on the competitive plane. When there is no otherwise, the marketing managers in a competitive environment are advised to be alert to the market trend, but not copying what the competing organizations are doing. The marketing managers of the organizations selling Alba’aeer in the UAE have to plan their own pricing strategy and not copying the pricing strategies of their competing counterparts. The pricing strategy will also consider the taxes that have been imposed by the government. The taxes account for the price of a product and should be incorporated in the price of the product. The government requires all businesses to pay taxes, and the Alba’aeer insurance product should incorporate the tax component. The pricing of the product will be a cover of 50,000 to 1 million Dirham. It will be tailor made in that one can pay as low as 500 Dirham per month. This is to ensure that those who are in the low end market can afford to pay for the product and provide cover for their camels. This is also because the price is one of the ways that the company will be able to receive revenue from the sales made in theoretical term it is one of the most important determinants of the perception of customers when they are making purchases (Salem and Staff Reporter, 1). The marketing managers of Alba’aeer organizations too, while planning for the new pricing strategies for the product should think of the product life cycle. As I said earlier, it is wise to set a pricing strategy that has its focus on today or rather the current and the future situation. The product life cycle clearly elaborates that towards the Decline phase, the prices of products start to go down due to the market saturation with the products and the increase of price sensitivity with the increase of products’ knowledge. The marketing managers of the Alba’aeer organizations should set pricing strategies that are flexible.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Insurance for camels (Alba’aeer) specifically for you for only $16.0 5 $11/page Learn More Promotion Promotion refers to the process of creating awareness about the products in the market. This can be done through advertising, television, social media, and other communication media. Promotion increases the knowledge about the products in the market. Companies also educate customers about the products through promotion. The companies use promotional strategies to encourage potential customers to try the new products in the market. Therefore, promotion is an important tool when a new product is introduced in the market (Tailan, and Liu, 698). The product promotion will entail advertising the product to ensure that customers are well aware of its existence in the market. The advertisement will be done TV, radio, social media networks such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace and also on the company’s website through a link that will enable the user to find more information about the product with regard to price, cover provided, extensi ons of the cover and those things that are not provided in the cover. We also use brochures that will be placed at strategic points on the premises of the business to ensure accessibility by the customers. The physical product promotion will entail the use of bright and attractive displays on TV with appealing colors. We have chosen green to be our theme color as it communicates trust, nature and calmness and more so because it is a product covering animals- camel (Alba’aeer). The cover of the policy with regard to the sum insured premiums to be paid per month, and the benefits that will accrue to the policyholder will also be provided. On realizing that people like free things, the marketing manager of the organizations dealing with Alba’aeer and Alba’aeer products can organize an event to give away products with an aim of drawing and attracting customers who could at first been disinterested. Organizing promotional events helped our organization to send a pres s release about our products. We also got a chance to let the public know, through the use of the local newspapers. The use of business cards as a way of promoting Alba’aeer products can greatly influence the buyers in the UAE in a wide range. Handing out of printed promotional items can help an organization to venture into the interiors in marketing its products. Another way of using promotions in new product development is by offering samples to people with great influence whom after using or reviewing the products offer back a positive response which in turn help to convince customers to try the products. The other tool for product promotion for new product development is the use of testimonials. In the the UAE, Alba’aeer organizations can collect testimonial from customers who have used and got satisfied with the products, that is, the camel itself, its milk or meat. The testimonials from customers can greatly help to retain and influence other potential customers who trust their opinions into trying the product (Jaffer, 4).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All the factors that will influence the consumer behavior towards the newly developed product There are several factors that will influence consumer behavior towards Alba’aeer insurance policy. Consumers purchasing decisions are influenced by cultural, social, personal and psychological factors. Clients who will opt to buy the product and those who will not buy it are influenced by different factors. Many of these factors are beyond the control of the marketers, and they are unique in term of the environment from which one was born and grown. First, cultural factors are influenced by what one was taught from a young age up to maturity. These teachings range from family, school, religious institutions and society at a large. The basic values that shape individuals’ tastes, preferences and perceptions teach in these institutions. For some, they have been taught that insurance is not important especially for animals like camels. For others, due to their religious beliefs insurance is not crucial especially among the Muslims. For others because they do not keep camels due to their own personal reasons, they might not just find it necessary to purchase camel insurance policies (Al-Mutawa, 345). Social factors that influence the consumer behavior are reference group, family, social roles and status. The reference group is the group of people whose opinions are considered by a member when making purchasing decisions. The group can also affect one’s personal life or profession. These groups are can further be divided into family, friends, neighbors, and coworkers who interact with the individual on most occasions. For those clients who belong in a social group that believe in camel insurance or those who keep these animals are most likely to purchase the product compared to those who are not (Strazzieri, et al. 435). Other groups like religious groups and professional associations affect also one’s buying behavior depending on the beliefs o f the group concerning insurance. Family members also have a strong influence on one’s purchasing decisions. People from different families tend to be different in terms of their tastes and preferences that they value since childhood regarding insurance. Parents also provide the first orientation for their kids and in most cases for these kids whatever their parents used to like will be their likes and vice versa. Consumers also will be influenced to buy or not depending on their roles and status in the family either as: a husband, wife and first male son. The status that one has defined roles and ultimately the buying decisions (Strazzieri, et al. 436). There are also personal factors that influence consumer behavior such as life cycle, occupation, economic circumstances, lifestyle, personality and self concept. People undergo various life cycles in life that influence their purchasing decisions for the product. For those who are single, they most unlikely to own a camel com pared to those who are married because they have less needs compared to their counterparts. Due to these variances, their needs for camel insurance policies also vary (Foxall, 63). Consumers’ aspirations to purchase a camel insurance change according to the prevailing economic condition changes. As the economic conditions undergo various cycles with time so do their financial ability to purchase this product change. Their occupation also influences their lifestyle, which eventually influences they need to purchase camel insurance. For those in an occupation that has a high pay, they are most likely to purchase camel insurance compared to those who are in those occupations that do not pay well. Lastly, consumer behavior is also influenced by a person’s psychological factors which include motivation, perception, learning, beliefs and attitudes. Different people tend to have different inner motives and a perception that satisfies certain needs in life. People will buy cam el insurance because of that inner motivation to do so and satisfy the need of averting the financial loss that comes with not insuring. For those consumers who perceive camel insurance to be an important means of avoiding loses, they are likely to purchase the product compared to those who do not. Learning about human behavior, which comes from experience, also influences consumer behavior of this product. For those people that have a good experience with camel insurance, they are most likely to purchase compared to those who lack the same experience. Beliefs and attitudes that consumers have will also influence their buying decisions. Those that believe that camel insurance is important and have an optimistic attitude towards the same are most likely to purchase compared to those who do not (Miniard, and Cohen, 171). Three possible problem situations the consumers might encounter in the delivery of service and how I plan to fix each problem Problem by adopting a new product in the market The company will encounter the problem of adoption of the new product. The adoption of new products varies with customers. There are customers who are early adopters. This class of customers has the characteristic that new products are easily adopted. However, there are laggards who do not accept new products easily. They wait until a product is well established in the market. Alba’aeer is at the introduction stage of the product life cycle. At this stage, The product is new in the market, and most of the customers are not aware about the presence of the product. At this stage, the company sells the product to early adopters. These are the customers who are ready to use the product without prior knowledge. The product at this stage requires to be promoted intensively so that people can know the existence of the product. At the introduction stage, the laggards are not willing to test the products because they do not know anything about the product (Sääksvuori a nd Immonen, 166). Therefore, the company will encounter the problem of laggards because such customers will not be ready to accept the Alba’aeer. To deal with this problem, the management should develop intensive promotion campaigns to educate all the potential customers about the new products. This will be done through online channels, televisions, radio stations and newspapers among other media. Most people in the UAE are not aware about insurance and customers view insurance products as a scam to con them money Insurance in the UAE has not penetrated to a large extend because most people are not aware about the existence of insurance policies. However, people in the country have accepted life-insurance products, but they are not ready to take retirement insurance products. â€Å"The low rate of penetration could also be because of very few global insurance companies operate in the UAE and there only a limited number of tailored products† (Chaudhuri, para. 6). Most i nsurance companies in the region offer products in motor insurance because it is mandatory. The other products have not been properly marketed. Most of the products have not been offered to the customers. People have bad perceptions about the insurance products. The bad perception was created by former insurance companies which stole money from customers. The companies could fail to pay the customers their dues when risks, which are issued, occurred. This created apathy among customers because genuine cases were not compensated. â€Å"Although insurance penetration in the UAE is the highest in the Middle East, experts say it still is relatively low compared to mature markets† (Chaudhuri, para. 1). The company should educate people about the importance of insuring camels. Intensive promotion should be conducted to ensure that people are aware that the company does not aim at conning their money. Cultural problems Customer perception differs from one community, society or natio n to another due to the cultural differences that exist between them. If not properly strategized, starting an organization in an environment with cultural difference has very high chances of failing. A situation may arise where lets say, the customers are so into the existing product and may not need another that is so satisfying. The UAE is a combination of many Arab countries, showing that there are many different cultures with different desires. In such a case, marketing managers should do research deep down the roots to know everything about the market and to forecast. It is wise for the foreign marketers to invest in places where there are cultural exchanges to avoid cultural conflicts. The cultural systems in the UAE have restricted the penetration of insurance companies. The young people are not ready to take insurance policies. In addition, the people have the perception that insurance is an extra expense rather that a protective cover. This aspect hinders insurance compani es from selling their products in the UAE market (Chaudhuri, para. 10). The company should promote a culture of ensuring all assets among the people in the UAE. This can be achieved by encouraging and educating people about the importance of having insurance cover. The company can liaise with the government to educate people on the importance of having insurance policies. Conclusion In the process of new product development, marketing managers should do thorough research before they bring products to the market. They should be very innovative in all the eight stages of new product development and keen to the customers’ responses towards all the actions they may undertake in order to satisfy them. Many businesses fail due to poor strategic planning in product development. Camel insurance is an important product that has a high potential of acceptance from customers in the UAE. The introduction of such product should be done in a strategic manner because the people in the UAE h ave not accepted all insurance products in the market. People in the region have taken motor insurance because it is compulsory, but other insurance policies have not been readily accepted. Therefore, introducing the Alba’aeer will face some challenges. The company should provide attractive prices because the product has an elastic demand. In addition, intensive promotion should be conducted to ensure that all customers are aware about the existence of the product. Works Cited Al-Mutawa, Mohammed A. J. â€Å"Factors Influencing The Consumer Process In the UAE Society.† International Sociology 11.3 (1996): 337-357. Web. Chaudhuri, Ritwika. Insurance penetration. the UAE Digest. Web. Foxall, Gordon R. â€Å"Social Factors In Consumer Choice: Replication And Extension.† Journal Of Consumer Research 2.1 (1975): 60-64. Web. Jaffer, Sohail. Islamic Insurance: Trends, Opportunities and the Future of Takaful. London: Euromoney, 2007. Web. Miniard, Paul W., and Joel B. C ohen. â€Å"Modeling Personal And Normative Influences On Behavior.† Journal Of Consumer Research 10.2 (1983): 169-180. Web. Sääksvuori, Antti, and Anselmi Immonen. Product Lifecycle Management. Berlin: Springer, 2008. Web. Salem, Fatma and Staff Reporter. Camels a key part of THE UAE’s rich heritage. Gulf News. Web. 2012 https://gulfnews.com/uae/camels-a-key-part-of-uaes-rich-heritage-1.603548 Strazzieri, Alain et al. â€Å"Societal Development And Family Purchasing Roles: A Cross-National Study.† Journal Of Consumer Research 9.4 (1983): 436-442. Web. Tailan, Chi, and John Liu. â€Å"Product Life Cycle, And Market Entry And Exit Decisions Under Uncertainty.† IIE Transactions 33.9 (2001): 695. Web. Zacharias, Anne. The rich history of camel racing. The National. Web. This research paper on Insurance for camels (Alba’aeer) was written and submitted by user Conner Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Monarch Migration

Monarch Migration The phenomenon of monarch migration in North America is well known, and quite extraordinary in the insect world. There are no other insects in the world that migrate twice each year for close to 3,000 miles. Monarchs living east of the Rocky Mountains in North America fly south each fall, gathering in central Mexicos Oyamel fir forest for the winter. Millions of monarchs gather in the this forest area, covering the trees so densely that branches break from their weight. Scientists aren’t sure how the butterflies navigate to a place they have never been. No other population of monarchs migrates this far. The Migrant Generation: The monarch butterflies that emerge from chrysalides in late summer and early fall differ from the previous generations. These migrant butterflies appear the same but behave quite differently. They will not mate or lay eggs. They feed on nectar, and cluster together during the cool evenings to stay warm. Their only purpose is to prepare for and make the flight south successfully. You can see a monarch emerge from its chrysalis in the photo gallery. Environmental factors trigger the migration. Fewer hours of daylight, cooler temperatures, and diminishing food supplies tell the monarchs it is time to move south. In March, the same butterflies that made the journey south will begin the return trip. The migrants fly to the southern U.S., where they mate and lay eggs. Their descendants will continue the migration north. In the northernmost part of the monarchs range, it may be the great grandchildren of the migrants that finish the trip. How Scientists Study Monarch Migration: In 1937, Frederick Urquhart was the first scientist to tag monarch butterflies in a quest to learn about their migration. In the 1950’s, he recruited a handful of volunteers to help in the tagging and monitoring efforts. Monarch tagging and research is now conducted by several universities with the help of thousands of volunteers, including school children and their teachers. The tags used today are small adhesive stickers, each printed with a unique ID number and contact information for the research project. A tag is placed on the butterfly’s hindwing, and does not impede flight. A person who finds a tagged monarch can report the date and location of the sighting to the researcher. The data collected from each season’s tags provides scientists with information about the migration path and timing. In 1975, Frederick Urquhart is also credited with finding the monarch’s wintering grounds in Mexico, which were unknown until that time. The site was actually discovered by Ken Brugger, a naturalist volunteering to help with the research. Read more about Urquhart and his lifelong study of monarchs. Energy-Saving Strategies: Remarkably, scientists discovered that migrating butterflies actually gain weight during their long journey. They store fat in their abdomens, and use air currents to glide as much as possible. These energy-saving strategies, together with feeding on nectar throughout the trip, help the migrants survive the arduous travel. The Day of the Dead: The monarchs arrive at their Mexico wintering grounds en masse in the final days of October. Their arrival coincides with el Dia de los Muertos, or the Day of the Dead, a Mexican traditional holiday that honors the deceased. The indigenous people of Mexico believe the butterflies are the returning souls of children and warriors. Sources: Monarch WatchLongest Regularly Repeated Migration, University of Florida

Xeriscaping

Xeriscaping Introduction The world is endowed with many important natural resources. However, water emerges at the top as the most important natural resource human beings have for simple reason that it supports life. Climate changes and dynamic ways of life of human beings on the planet have varied patterns of use and consumption of water.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Xeriscaping specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Additionally, there has been an irreversible alteration of the environment that has directly impacted on the planet’s water situation. Many water catchment areas and water bodies on the planet have been destroyed and left in desperate situations. The result therefore has been a water stressed planet with many areas experiencing acute water shortages barely enough to cover respective population commercial and domestic consumption needs1. One of the most water dependent domestic uses is gardening and lawn care. In the US for instance, it accounts for most of the seasonal increase in water consumption in numerous places. An average US family consumes approximately twenty-six gallons of water every day. The entire nation consumes approximately twenty six billion gallons of water every day2. Out of the above daily consumption, over 7 billion gallons are devoted for use in outdoor activities such as gardening and landscaping. According to US Environmental Protection Agency, a lawn setting in a suburban place in the US uses over ten thousand gallons of water every year. One of the most enduring but misplaced notions has always been that green magnificent lawns are only achievable through extensive water use alongside other practices such as fertilization. Many environmentalists have however argued and proved that magnificent lawns and gardens are achievable with the employment of water conserving landscaping techniques. The techniques employed in this area use terms such as ‘waterwiseâ₠¬â„¢ and ‘waterlow’ depending on their underpinning philosophy. To consolidate the water conserving landscaping approaches, the concept of Xeriscape landscaping was developed.Advertising Looking for thesis on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since its coinage and copyrighting in Denver in 1981, Xeriscaping has become the official description of all the methods and approaches used by authorities and individuals to pursue water efficient landscaping practices. There have been many initiatives formulated at all levels of government in the US to promote xeriscaping for the sole purpose of encouraging responsible water use. This paper will therefore examine the efforts and strategies put forward by the authorities in promoting xeriscaping in the US3. The analysis will look at the nature of the efforts i.e. their status and how they are implemented. The analysis will be carried out within the framework of federal, state and local governments and the policies that they have laid down to promote xeriscaping and efficient water use. However, for purposes of better understanding, there will be a brief look at what xeriscaping is. Xeriscaping The Denver water department coined the word xeriscaping in 1981. The main purpose was to highlight the importance of water efficient landscaping. The word is derives from the word â€Å"Xeros† Greek for dry and landscape. To fulfill its core purpose of promoting water efficient landscaping, Xeriscaping operates on seven principles and eight fundamentals that promote waterwise landscaping. The seven principles include good planning and design, mulching, efficient irrigation, continuous study and analysis and improvement, good plant selection and practical turf areas. The fundamentals encourage wise irrigation scheduling, provision of regular maintainace and extensive use of mulching. Xeriscaping Efforts by authorities in the U S Some environmentalists assert that the water efficient landscaping techniques can be used by local, tribal and state governments as well as companies and businesses to physically improve their properties for purposes of reducing long-term maintainace costs and the creation of environmental friendly landscapes. In the United Sates, the federal, state and local governments and water districts throughout the country have since the 80’s promoted and supported xeriscaping efforts. Some of the initiatives implemented by these authorities are mandatory while others are incentive based to encourage large adoption of the practices.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Xeriscaping specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The initiatives and efforts have always encouraged people to create low water demanding and drought resistant landscapes. Generally, there have not been any major laws directly concerning xeriscaping in the US4. Most of the efforts that are in place right work within a framework of existing water conservation laws. It’s important to note that mandated efforts have mostly taken place within the state and local level compared to the federal level. This analysis will therefore concentrate on the latter two states. It will involve a look at notable state and local governments that have put in concerted xeriscape efforts, how they have done it and if the efforts have been successful in their intended purpose. Xeriscaping on the federal level On the federal level, there have not been any major regulations that give emphasis to xeriscaping. Federal authorities seem to endorse the xeriscaping program through education initiatives. Through the Environmental Protection Agency, extensive education and information on water conservation in landscaping through xeriscaping is carried out. The information includes information on hoe tom locate federal local resources. The focus on local resources m eans the federal government treats the xeriscaping issues as a regional one that state and other local authorities are better suited to handle5. One of the most probable reasons why the federal authorities may not be treating the xeriscaping issue with national urgency is the fact that the country is so large and diverse that a national effort to push for xeriscaping may end up being ineffective. It’s therefore nearly impossible to tackle the issue from a national platform. State and local governments on the other hand are more specialized in terms of populations and their environment’s natural conditions. It’s therefore easy for them to roll out specific incentives that fit their areas of representation. Xeriscaping therefore is very much a local issues and concerns little of the federal government. Xeriscaping at State level Numerous states have enacted laws and offered incentives meant to entice their populations to adopt xeriscape practices. Florida, Texas a nd California are some of them. There will be an individual analysis on every one of the states mentioned above. Their cases will be generalized over the rest of the states to help paint a picture of how xeriscaping is applied in the different settings.Advertising Looking for thesis on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Florida Florida is one of the most water sufficient states in the US. However, the distribution of rain in the state is wanting. There is an uneven distribution of rainfall in the state. Besides, the state is endowed with sandy soils that have poor water retention capabilities. Additionally, the state has a fast growing population that has increased its demand on the water resources of the state. The state of Florida was one of the few states in the US to enact water conservation legislation that gives emphasis to xeriscaping. In fact, it was the first state to enact a xeriscape statewide law. The law requires Management and Transport departments to utilize xeriscape laws in all their new public property developments. It also requires all public properties constructed before 1992 to be phase in Xeriscape through a five-year period6. Florida law criminalizes the planting of some exotic species that may not be supportive of xeriscaping. At the same time, the law promotes the use of xe riscaping concepts in the state government’s landscaping initiatives. The law also encourages local governments to use xeriscape oriented landscaping techniques and practices. It’s so far the most explicit state law on xeriscaping in the US. Previously, there has also been a bill in Florida that proposed criminalization of the passage by localities of laws that prevent xeriscaping7. Besides, the South Florida Water Management District together with the Florida Nurserymen and Growers Association, the Florida Irrigation Society and the local business community have collaborated to produce the â€Å"Plant It Smart with xeriscape† television program that seeks to promote the use of xeriscape in the state. The program showcases an ideal Florida residential yard and how it can be retrofitted using xeriscape landscaping techniques to safe on costs, energy and time. The fact that the SFWMD is involved shows the level and commitment authorities have given to the implemen tation of Xeriscape8. There is also the Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD), the City of St. Petersburg, and Pinellas County, Florida who have pooled resources together to produce the â€Å"Xeriscape It† Video game. The videogame enlightens people on the seven principles of xeriscape landscaping. Furthermore, through the collaboration, SWFWMD has sponsored numerous xeriscape demonstration sites, besides having a xeriscape garden it its headquarters in Brooksville. The garden showcases the variety of native and non-native plants that that are appropriate for xeriscaping. The garden is accessible for viewing by the public who are issued with a guide about it. The above initiatives have the full backing of the authorities. It’s therefore safe to conclude that in Florida, the state has out in place adequate efforts to promote xeriscaping. One of the characteristics of the efforts employed by the state of Florida and that is observable in many other states is the involvement of the private sectors on raining awareness and promoting xeriscaping. California California is sometimes described as a water hungry state that satisfies its water needs through importation of water. The most affected part of state is southern California, a situation experts blame on many causes. Due to the water stress situation however, California unlike a number of state and local governments and federal government bodies has not widely implemented the xeriscaping principle of landscaping. Through the California Environmental Protection Agency, has encouraged residents to adopt xeriscape-oriented practices that will help in conserving water in the state. The situation in California is representative of many states and local authorities in the country where xeriscaping has not gained root. The authorities don’t appear keen in neither pursuing legislative nor incentive based approaches to encourage xeriscaping. Texas Besides California, Texas is another s tate that has taken official measures that encourage xeriscaping. Unlike the Florida case however, the Texas and California legal drives have not been as forceful. Texas passed the conservation law in 1991 that imposed various regulations meant to conserve water in the state9. The state also passed a law that specified that xeriscape parameters met in all new construction projects of the state after January 1994. In 1995, there was also an additional legislation that made in mandatory for the state department of transport to implement xeriscape standard in all the construction and maintainace of roads and roadside parks of the state. The law also urges local authorities of the state to consider enacting ordinances that will require people and businesses observe xeriscape practices to conserve water10. Additionally there were two other state laws passed in 2001 that promoted responsible use of water through practices such as xeriscaping. In xeriscaping, the law identifies xeriscaping as a way popular way of saving water at home. It urges gardeners and landscapers to source for plants that won’t drain water quickly and that will help reduce the monthly water bill of the average Texas household11. Texas and Florida lead the park in enacting laws that observe xeriscape practice. The above analysis has been used to put into perspective of the existing state measures that promote xeriscape. No doubt, other states have different laws regarding the subject. However, this serves a demonstration of how far the concept of xeriscape has been utilized on the state level12. Xeriscape efforts at Local Government The analysis of local authorities will concentrate on county authorities and city governments that have put in place measures that promote the use of xeriscape measures in landscaping their territories. Numerous localities, far more than state and federal have embrace the xeriscape concept. One of the outstanding approaches local authorities are using is throu gh offering cash incentives to their residents who are willing to implement xeriscape practices13. Las Vegas In Las Vegas, the city government accords homeowners a cash reward of one thousand dollars if they convert their lawns to xeriscape compliant. Commercial landowners on the other hand get up to $ 50,000 in water bill credit if they comply with xeriscape standards. The main aim of offering these rewards is meant to help local authorities conserve water and save on costs associated with it. In Las Vegas for instance, the city hopes to save 25% of water it could have used in a decade. Other plans by the Las Vegas city government to promote the use xeriscape include a limited city ordinance turf of not more than 50%, of any new landscapes and awards on xeriscaped properties in the city14. Glendale Arizona In Glendale, Arizona, residents of the city receive a rebate reward of $100 if they install or convert more than half of their landscape area commercial or private to non-grass vegetation. The Glendale Water Conservation Office carries out an audit to ensure all the requirements which are tailored along xeriscape practices are met. A rebate check is then issued to the homeowner who would have fulfilled the requirements. The main objective of implementing Xeriscaping practices in Glendale is to minimize on the amount of water that is used by residents to irrigate grass. The city of Albuquerque on its part offers cash rewards of a maximum of $ 800 for private residential properties and $ 200 for commercial properties that restructure their properties to incorporate designs that help in conserving water. According to statistics supplied by the municipality, the city has been able over ten years to reduce its percapita consumption of water from 250 gallons to 175 gallons. It’s important to note that there are stark differences between the approaches employed by the state governments and localities in implementing xeriscaping approaches. Many state gover nments including the ones discussed above clearly prefer the legislation approach while local authorities prefer the reward or incentive system. The most probable reason why the state governments prefer the mandate system is probably because of the size of the population and the territory they preside on. Only rules imposed through legislation are likely to work on a wide population such as that of a state. Additionally, the state is likely to spend more or save more by virtue on the size of its population. Incentives to entice people are therefore not likely to achieve much of either of the above15. Local governments on the other hand have lean populations who are easily manageable. Their numbers are commensurate with the resources that cities have and their likelihood of its populations meeting the conditions are high. Furthermore, local governments have small jurisdiction areas which are reachable making implementation of laws and regulations easy compared to the state16. There i s need for states and more local authorities to come up with new and more appealing incentives that will be specifically targeted at real estate developers. The incentives will be structured in such a way that they will encourage those businesses already using and implementing xeriscaping measures. One of the businesses that will benefits from such incentives for instance includes HHP developers in Las Vegas. The property development manager has so far developed over 25, 000 hectares of land with both commercial and residential properties. In their development, HHP has over two decades applied practices consistent with xeriscaping landscaping. Given the fact that Las Vegas has provisions that require implementation of xeriscaping practices, the business has over time saved hundreds of thousands of dollars over the two-decade period. It’s easy to use the above example as one of the benefits of using xeriscaping in order to entice more businesses and individuals countrywide. Co nclusion Xeriscaping is a fast growing practice in the US. Since its invention in 1981, the practice has helped different authorities to save on expenses through water conservation. The Florida and Texas examples need to be emulated in other states because the practice has proven its worth. As said in the analysis, the practice is however tricky to implement on a national level. Besides legislation however, there is still more that the federal government can do to promote xeriscaping. This can be done through offering incentives to states that enact legislation that among other thing support the practice. There is need to shift attention to big businesses considering the amount of land at their disposal. Most of the laws that especially exist in state level only compel public departments to apply xeriscape practices. Private property should be included because the benefits in the long run will be both for the public and private citizens. Furthermore, authorities should consider more public-private partnerships that will help in easier adoption of the xeriscaping practices. While it’s not easy for the complete achievement of xeriscaping objectives, the above offers a good platform on which to start. Bibliography Brenzel, Kathleen N., ed. Western Garden Book, 2001 Edition, Menlo Park: Sunset Publishing Corporation, 2001. Buras et al, Managing urban water supply, Berlin: Springer, 2003.p. 56 Cech, Thomas, Principles of water resources: history, development and management, NY: McGraw Hill, 2009. Page 68 Cohen, Nevin, Green Cities: An A-to-Z Guide, NY: Routledge, 2011, p. 477 Layzer, Judith, The environmental case : Translating values into policy, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2002 Mann et al, Cutting Edge Gardening in the Intermountain West, London: Sage Publications, 2007, Marks, Susan, Aqua shock: the water crisis in America, Burlington: Springer, 2009. Sturgeon, Stephen, The politics of western water : The congressional career of  wayne aspinall. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. UMI, Dissertation abstracts international: The sciences and engineering, London: Mcmillan Publishers, 2008, Wood, Warren, Water resources perspectives: evaluation, management and policy.  NY: Infobase Publishers, 2003p. 48 Wolch, Jennifer, Manuel Pastor, and Peter Dreier, eds. 2004. Up against the sprawl : Public policy and the making of southern california, eds. Jennifer Wolch, Manuel Pastor and Peter Dreier. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. Winger, David, ed. Evidence of Care: The Xeriscape Maintenance Journal, 2002, Vol. 1, Colorado WaterWise Council, 2001. Footnotes 1 Winger, David, ed. Evidence of Care: The Xeriscape Maintenance Journal, 2002, Vol. 1, Colorado WaterWise Council, 2001. 2 Brenzel, Kathleen N., ed. Western Garden Book, 2001 Edition, Menlo Park: Sunset Publishing Corporation, 2001. 3 Sturgeon, Stephen, The politics of western water : The congressional career of wayne aspinall. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 4 W olch, Jennifer, Manuel Pastor, and Peter Dreier, eds. 2004. Up against the sprawl : Public policy and the making of southern california, eds. Jennifer Wolch, Manuel Pastor and Peter Dreier. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2004. 5 Layzer, Judith, The environmental case : Translating values into policy, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2002 6 Cohen, Nevin, Green Cities: An A-to-Z Guide, NY: Routledge, 2011, p. 477 7 Mann et al, Cutting Edge Gardening in the Intermountain West, London: Sage Publications, 2007 8 Mann et al, Cutting Edge Gardening in the Intermountain West, London: Sage Publications, 2007, 9 Cech, Thomas, Principles of water resources: history, development and management, NY: McGraw Hill, 2009. Page 68 10 Buras et al, Managing urban water supply, Berlin: Springer, 2003.p. 56 11 Wood, Warren, Water resources perspectives: evaluation, management and policy. NY: Infobase Publishers, 2003p. 48 12 UMI, Dissertation abstracts international: The sciences and engineering , London: Mcmillan Publishers, 2008, 13 Marks, Susan, Aqua shock: the water crisis in America, Burlington: Springer, 2009. 14 Mann et al, Cutting Edge Gardening in the Intermountain West, London: Sage Publications, 2007 15 Cohen, Nevin, Green Cities: An A-to-Z Guide, NY: Routledge, 2011, p. 477 16 Layzer, Judith, The environmental case : Translating values into policy, Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 2002

Occupational Health and Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Occupational Health and Safety - Essay Example According to the author, smoking bans are part of public policies, which include criminal laws and regulations on occupational health and safety prohibiting tobacco smoking in workplaces or other public spaces. Moreover, smoke-free laws are solely meant to protect workers from the harmful effects of smoke from second-hand sources. These effects include higher risk of cancer, heart diseases, emphysema among others. The author affirms that laws banning indoor smoking have been implemented by many countries, with most countries citing evidence to establish the harmful effects of tobacco to smokers and inhalers of second-hand smoke. Part of the evidence brought forth to establish the harmful effects of smoking at workplaces include a study conducted in 2002 by WHO’s International Agency for Research on Cancer, which revealed that non-smokers are equally exposed to carcinogens as active smokers are. The study also indicated that side-stream smoke has 69 known carcinogens and radioactive decay products. In addition, research by tobacco companies has proven that well-established carcinogens are highly concentrated in side-stream than mainstream smoke. The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) gives workers the right to enjoy a safe workplace free of hazards. OSHA has air quality standards. Tobacco smoke, however, hardly exceeds these limits. In extreme situations – such as when tobacco smoke mixes with another airborne component in the workplace – OSHA standards could be exceeded thereby requiring the employer to correct the situation. Several lawsuits have been filed seeking employer compensation for smoke hazards. The current position is that OSHA does not regulate exposure to tobacco smoke; state laws do. The author may be on the frontline in advocating smoke-free workplaces, but he failed to consider the possible demerits of the same. Firstly, smoke-free workplaces will necessitate a change in worker habits, which